Bandung Metropolitan Area Urbanization and Groundwater Depletion
Bandung Metropolitan Area Urbanization and Groundwater Depletion
4.1 Geographical Condition
Bandung metropolitan is one of eight metropolitan in Indonesia that covers 343.627ha and geographically located in Bandung Basin. BMA population is 7.009.089 person in 2003 and most of its population is located in Bandung Municipality while the rest stays in Bandung Regency. Administratively, Bandung Metropolitan Bandung consists of 4 regions, Bandung Municipality, Cimahi Municipality, Bandung Regency, and five districts of Sumedang Regency. (Cimanggung, Tanjungsari, Sukasari, Jatinangor, dan Rancakalong). Bandung and Cimahi Municipality is the core of Bandung Metropolitan and the rest are satellite areas that function as counter for the surrounding. (Masterplan of BMA, 2005).
Bandung Metropolitan is the center for services, manufacturing, and transportation nationally, inter provincial and even internationally because in national master plan (RTRWN) and also stated in PP 47/1997, Bandung Metropolitan Area is generated as National Activity Centre. Every region in Bandung Metropolitan has different economic bases but in general the economic base is manufacture.
Cimahi Municipality was part of Bandung Regency and in 2002 it became a municipality in 2002 by the Law 34/2004 declares that municipality has freedom to conduct its own policies related to every aspect of government. The development of Cimahi City, which its vision to be residential, commercial, and industrial function in BMA context, gives some impacts to Cimahi itself, such as rapid growth of population, land use changes, economic growth etc.
Bandung Regency with Soreang consists of 29 sub districts in 1976, 36 sub districts in 1986, 42 sub districts in 1996, and finally in 2006 this Regency divided into two Regency left 30 sub district for Bandung Regency with 266 villages, and 9 sub sub districts and the rest of which are West Bandung Regency. The population based on 2006 analysis is 2.943.283 persons whose most occupation is in manufacture, agriculture, mining, trade and services.
Bandung Municipality……….
Sumedang regency……..
4.2 Urbanization in BMA
Bandung Metropolitan is the center for services, manufacturing, and transportation nationally, inter provincial and even internationally because in national master plan (RTRWN) and also stated in PP 47/1997, Bandung Metropolitan Area is generated as National Activity Centre. Every region in Bandung Metropolitan has different economic bases but in general the economic base is manufacture.
In general (Setiawan) the urbanization can be seen from density growth, number of person working in agriculture sectors, and economic growth
4.2.1. Population and Land use change
Population density of BMA
Metropolitan Bandung Area
Wide
(Ha)
Population
Density
Population growth (%)
Bandung Municipality
16.729,65
2.333.124
139
4,37
Bandung regency
307.370,00
3.927.575
13
2,80
Cimahi Municipality
4.036,73
424.932
105
1,74
Kec. Tanjungsari
3.562,00
58.472
16
2,25
Kec. Cimanggung
4.076,00
64.060
16
3,00
Kec. Jatinangor
2.620,00
84.846
32
3,00
Total
338.394,38
6.893.009
20
2,86
Source : BPS; RTRW Kota Bandung, 200; RTRW Kota Cimahi, 2002; RTRW Kab. Bandung, 1999; TRW Kab. Sumedang, 2002
there is increasing population
there is rapid development of land use change to and built up area (1994 - 2001)
………………………………….
Table. 2. additional built up area in 1994 2001 for each sub district in BMA
No
Sub district
Additional built up area (Ha)
Bandung Regency
1
Pasirjambu
270.19
2
Lembang
263.97
3
Padalarang
188.39
4
Cipatat
151.26
5
Cimaung
142.70
6
Cililin
134.39
7
Parongpong
133.84
8
Banjaran
131.05
9
Batujajar
121.72
10
Paseh
103.82
11
Solokan Jeruk
91.83
12
Katapang
88.15
13
Cilengkrang
84.14
14
Baleendah
81.68
15
Ciparay
79.32
16
Pangalengan
79.16
17
Ibun
71.44
18
Cipeundeuy
70.70
19
Cikancung
66.68
20
Ciwidey
61.37
21
Pameungpeuk
53.33
22
Cikalong Wetan
53.03
23
Arjasari
52.91
24
Margaasih
1.58
25
Singdangkerta
0.86
26
Margahayu
0.52
27
Rancaekek
48.49
28
Cicalengka
40.33
29
Soreang
39.90
30
Majalaya
37.70
31
Cileunyi
37.54
32
Bojongsoang
35.18
33
Gungunghalu
33.71
34
Pacet
33.60
35
Dayeuhkolot
31.53
36
Ngamprah
31.26
37
Cimenyan
27.87
38
Kertasari
24.17
39
Cipongkor
17.66
40
Nagreg
15.81
41
Rancabali
7.97
Bandung Municipality
42
Cidadap
39.89
43
Sukasari
46.13
44
Cicadas
12.29
45
Cibiru
13.79
46
Rancasari
13.70
Cimahi Municipality
47
Cimahi Utara
23.09
48
Cimahi Selatan
16.69
49
Tanjungsari
118.67
50
Cimanggung
55.58
51
Cikeruh
49.86
TOTAL
3.430,19
4.1.3. Economic Growth (a lot of sectors have LQ > 1)
Table LQ Per Economic sector in BMA 2001 2003 (cosntant price)
No.
Lapangan Usaha
PDRB 2001 (juta rupiah)
LQ 2001
PDRB 2002
(juta rupiah)
LQ 2002
PDRB 2003
(juta rupiah)
LQ 2003
ADH Berlaku
1.
Pertanian
3005694,83
0,43
3392060,38
0,43
3.607.093,70
0,43
2.
Pertambangan dan Galian
140722,58
0,03
161547,22
0,03
180.153,20
0,03
3.
Industri Pengolahan
189761803,8
1,14
21828430,42
1,16
24.176.456,96
1,19
4.
Listrik Gas dan Air Bersih
1230938,79
1,13
1441302,21
1,08
1.648.648,65
1,09
5.
Bangunan/Konstruksi
1642424,33
1,32
1876094,88
1,25
2.164.620,71
1,18
6.
Perdagangan Hotel dan Restoran
10366686,38
1,71
11938639,34
1,65
13.403.181,05
1,65
7.
Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi
2908529,15
1,56
3692255,12
1,58
4.199.623,95
1,42
8.
Keuangan Persewaan dan Jasa Perusahaan
1796570,31
0,96
2029786,51
0,87
2.460.089,61
0,83
9.
Jasa jasa
3432810,93
0,95
3927241,31
0,89
4.422.697,28
0,79
ADH Konstan
1.
Pertanian
1.043.580,30
0,49
1.084.059,61
0,53
1.105.575,86
0,54
2.
Pertambangan dan Galian
59.776,56
0,07
63.526,11
0,08
66.226,23
0,09
3.
Industri Pengolahan
5.665.632,38
0,99
6.007.758,25
1,00
6.320.234,64
1,00
4.
Listrik Gas dan Air Bersih
596.097,00
1,24
639.055,64
1,21
685.916,57
1,25
5.
Bangunan/Konstruksi
577.145,55
1,23
608.029,85
1,18
646.762,14
1,15
6.
Perdagangan Hotel dan Restoran
3.344.344,87
1,39
3.507.019,62
1,32
3.731.084,44
1,33
7.
Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi
1.168.378,07
1,61
1.269.483,23
1,54
1.357.235,65
1,51
8.
Keuangan Persewaan dan Jasa Perusahaan
645.245,27
0,89
676.099,74
0,82
747.707,03
0,83
9.
Jasa jasa
1.495.319,87
1,22
1.555.021,94
1,15
1.642.585,27
1,04
Additional permit for land use change because of urbanization
(source Denny Zulkaidi's lecture note)
4.3 BMA Water
4.3.1 Groundwater demand and supply
Clean Water Demand
The demand for water provision is increasing by year in line with the increase of population. Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Andalan Cekungan Bandung has projected that in 2005 the water demand in BMA was closed to the supply about 1.8 billion m3/year (table 4). This trend tends to increase and in 2010 water demand for BMA will be more than the water supply.
Table 4 : Water Demand Projection in BMA
Year
Potential Supply
(million m3/year)
Demand
(million m3/year)
Ratio
(%)
Deposit
2002
1,85
1,71
92,4
0,14
2005
1,85
1,843
99,6
0,007
2010
1,85
1,985
107,3
0,135
Source : Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Kawasan Andalan Cekungan Bandung, Bappeda 2004
Table 5 Total clean water demand each regency/municipality
Regency/Municipality
2002
2005
2010
Bandung Reg.
52,759,728
120,940,560
253,580,976
Bandung Muni.
241,250,400
291,708,000
343,742,400
Cimahi Muni.
43,109,712
53,075,088
60,738,336
Sumedang Reg.
3,311,280
7,537,104
15,862,608
Total
340,431,120
473,260,752
673,924,320
Source: Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Kawasan Andalan Cekungan Bandung, Bappeda 2004
Table 5 shows that the highest demand for clean water provision is Bandung Municipality. In 2005, the demand of clean water for Bandung municipality was 9.25m3/sec. This number is equal to 9250 ltr/sec. Meanwhile the total of clean water production of PDAM Bandung in 2005 was about 2200 ltr/sec. It means that there was a large gap between supply and demand and indicates that there was a lack of clean water provision which is provided by PDAM Bandung Municipality. It is projected that in 2010 the clean water demand for Bandung municipality is about 51 % from total BMA clean water demand.
Water Supply
Study Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan lingkungan Kawasan Andalan Cekungan Bandung carried out in 2004 predicted that water availability for BMA is 1.85 billion m3. Potential surface water for Bandung metropolitan area was provided by Citarum River. Potential water supply that showed by annual average water flow is about 13.07 billion m3/year. This huge potential water resource can be reserved by three main dams (reservoir) is only about 4.38 billion m3. It means that only 6.8% of potential water supply can be reserved by these three main dams.
Table 2 : Reservoirs Capacity
Potential surface water resources are also provided by rivers flowing through Bandung Metropolitan Area. Total water flow can be provided by these rivers is about 1.45 billion m3 per year in arid condition.
Table 3 : Rivers' Annual Flow
The rivers that used for table water in clean water provision (PDAM) in Bandung City are Cisangkuy, Cikapundung and Cimahi. The biggest contribution for water provision in BMA, recently, is provided by Cikapundung river and Cisangkuy river which has 2 water ponds.
conclusion : water supply is decrease while the demand is increasing
c. boreholes
since 1990 boreholes number is increasing while water productivity index is decreasing
4.4 Groundwater planning in BMA
à ZONING
4.5 The Influence of urbanisation to groundwater planning in bma
Years
Water Demand
Water Supply
Problem
Government Planning
1980
No Problem
Do nothing
1982
The decrease of groundwater supply
SK Gub Jabar No. 181.1/ SK.1624 Bapp/ 1982 tgl 5 November 1982 North Bandung as conservation area
1990
Warning of groundwater degradation
2002
Groundwater degradation
2005
?
?
2010
?
?
Sebagai upaya konservasi airtanah di daerah cekungan ini agar dapat terjamin kelestarian dan
pemanfaatannya, Direktorat Geologi Tata Lingkungan telah mengambil kebijaksanaan dengan membuat pedoman pengaturan penyadapan pengambilan serta prioritas peruntukan pemanfaatan airtanah dalam bentuk Peta Pengendalian Pengambilan Airtanah. Berdasarkan peta tersebut secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi 5 (lima) zona konservasi airtanah, yaitu :
I Zona 1 :
Zona kritis untuk pengambilan airtanah pada akuifer 40 - 150 m. Pengambilan airtanah baru pada akuifer kedalaman kurang dari 40 m dan 40 - 150 m hanya diperuntukkan bagi keperluan rumah tangga dengan pengambilan maksimum 100 m³/bulan. Pengambilan airtanah pada akuifer lebih dalam dari 150 m diperbolehkan hingga maksimum 300 m³/hari.
II Zona 2 :
Zona rawan untuk pengambilan airtanah pada akuifer kedalaman 40 150 m. Pengambilan
airtanah baru pada akuifer kedalaman kurang dari 40 m hanya diperuntukan bagi keperluan air minum dan rumah tangga dengan debit maksimum 100 m³/bulan, sedangkan pada kedalaman 40 - 150 m untuk keperluan selain industri dengan debit maksimum per sumur 60 m³/hari. Pengambilan airtanah baru pada akuifer kedalaman lebih dari 150 m diperbolehkan hingga maksimum 300 m³/hari.
III Zona 3 :
Zona aman untuk pengambilan airtanah pada akuifer kedalaman 40 150 m. Pengambilan
airtanah baru diperbolehkan dengan debit maksimum per sumur 170 m³/hari. Airtanah pada
akuifer kedalaman kurang dari 40 m diperuntukan bagi keperluan air minum dan rumah tangga dengan pengambilan maksimum 100 m³/bulan.
IV Zona 4 :
Zona aman dengan produktivitas akuifer rendah sampai langka, airtanah apabila ditemukan hanya cukup untuk keperluan air minum, rumah tangga, dan lain keperluan dengan jumlah kebutuhan
yang terbatas.
V Zona 5 :
Zona resapan airtanah, tidak untuk dikembangkan bagi berbagai peruntukan kecuali untuk air
minum dan rumah tangga dengan pengambilan maksimum 100 m³/bulan. Untuk keperluan lain dapat dipertimbangkan setelah dilakukan pengkajian hidrogeologi.
Zona Kritis
__ Pengendalian dan pengawasan pengambilan airtanah secara ketat dengan melarang adanya
sumur sumur pengambilan baru. Sedangkan bagi sumur sumur yang sudah ada dilakukan
pengurangan debit secara bertahap.
__ Mengintensifkan pemantauan jumlah pengambilan dan perubahan perubahan yang terjadi
atas kondisi dan lingkungan airtanah
__ Melakukan berbagai upaya pemulihan kondisi airtanah
Zona Rawan
__ Pengendalian dan pengawasan pengambilan airtanah secara ketat. Pengambilan selain untuk keperluan industri dan hanya diutamakan untuk kebutuhan air yang terbatas.
__ Mengintensifkan pemantauan peng ambilan dan perubahan perubahan yang terjadi
Zona Aman
__ Pengambilan diarahkan pada akuifer yang masih potensial dengan jumlah pengambilan sesuai debit rekomendasi.
Zona Resapan Air
__ Penataan tata ruang dengan memperhatikan kondisi hidrogeologi.
4.3 The Influence of urbanisation to groundwater planning in bma
Urbanisation change
Years
Water Demand
Water Supply
Problem
Government Planning
1980
No Problem
Do nothing
1982
The decrease of groundwater supply
SK Gub Jabar No. 181.1/ SK.1624 Bapp/ 1982 tgl 5 November 1982 ttg Peruntukan Lahan di KBU sebagai kawasan lindung
1990
Warning of groundwater degragation
2002
17
Groundwater degradation
2005
18
2010
19
Total kebutuhan air bersih di Cekungan Bandung sebesar 1.265.204 juta m3/tahun (Direktorat Geologi Tata Lingkungan dan Bappeda Propinsi Jawa Barat, 2000), dan PDAM hanya bisa menyediakan 43% dari kebutuhan tersebut. Karena itu peran air tanah, baik akuifer dangkal, menengah, maupun dalam, sangat penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat akan air bersih di Cekungan Bandung. Sektor domestik, komersial, maupun industri mengambil air tanah dengan atau tanpa izin pemerintah
Pada Gambar 6, terlihat bahwa jumlah sumur bor di Cekungan Bandung terus meningkat, namun Indeks Produktivitas Air Tanah terus menurun. Artinya jumlah sumur bor dan persediaan air tanah di Cekungan Bandung sudah tidak seimbang. Menurut penelitian terbaru, terdapat 550 industri di Cekungan Bandung, dan 80% di antaranya merupakan industri tekstil yang mengambil kebutuhan airnya dari tanah. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan penurunan permukaan air tanah dan dalam jangka panjang akan menimbulkan penurunan permukaan tanah (land subsidence).
Pengambilan airtanah dari sumurbor di daerah Bandung dan sekitarnya menunjukkan peningkatan dibandingkan tahun tahun sebelumnya. Pada periode 1985 total pengambilan airtanah sekitar 38,6 juta m3/tahun, pada 1990 bertambah menjadi 46,8 juta m3/tahun dari sejumlah 971 sumurbor, dan pada 1997 dari sekitar 2387 sumurbor pengambilannya tercatat 49,3 juta m3/tahun.
Jumlah pengambilan airtanah secara keseluruhan untuk usaha industri dan komersial serta
penyediaan airbersih oleh PDAM Kab. dan Kota Bandung selama 1998 melalui 2397 buah sumurbor diperkirakan sebesar 41,7 juta m3/tahun. Sedangkan pada 1998 bila dibandingkan dengan pengambilan selama 1997, berkurang sebesar 7,6 juta m3. Pengambilan airtanah pada 1999 tercatat 45,4 juta m³ yang diambil melalui 2401 sumurbor. Kemudian tahun 2000 pengambilan airtanah diperkirakan sebesar 46,6 juta m³ yang diambil melalui 2484 sumurbor.
3.2 Economic condition
3.3 Existing Condition of BMA Water Provision
Water Resources
There are some water resources that are used to provide clean water provision in BMA, some of which are:
Surface Water
The main river in BMA is Citarum. The other big rivers that join Citarum are Cimahi, Cibeureum, Cikapundung, Citarik, Cikarial, Cisangkuy and Ciwidey. Other surface water sources in BMA are Situ and Dam. Several situ are Lembang, Ciburuy, Patenggang dan Cileunca while the dams are Saguling dan Cirata.
Ground Water
Spring Water
Spring water in BMA generally is located surrounding the hill that consists of volcanic stones. Most springs water are found in north, east and south hill of BMA, while in west it is rarely founded. (BMA PDAM Corporate Plan, 2005)
Water Supply
Study Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan lingkungan Kawasan Andalan Cekungan Bandung which was carried out in 2004 predicted that water availability for BMA is 1.85 billion m3. Potential surface water for Bandung metropolitan area was provided by Citarum River. Potential water supply that showed by annual average water flow is about 13.07 billion m3/year. This huge potential water resource can be reserved by three main dams (reservoir) is only about 4.38 billion m3. It means that only 6.8% of potential water supply can be reserved by these three main dams.
Table 2 : Reservoirs Capacity
Potential surface water resources are also provided by rivers that flowing through Bandung Metropolitan Area. Total water flow can be provided by these rivers is about 1.45 billion m3 per year in arid condition.
Table 3 : Rivers' Annual Flow
The rivers that used for table water in clean water provision (PDAM) in Bandung City are Cisangkuy, Cikapundung and Cimahi.
The biggest contribution for water provision in BMA, recently, is provided by Cikapundung river and Cisangkuy river which has 2 water ponds. In the future Saguling dam can be used as a potential water source to fulfill BMA water demand because of huge water deposit which can be provided by this reservoir.
Clean Water Demand
The demand for water provision is increasing year by year in the same way with population increasing. Kajian Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Andalan Cekungan Bandung study projected that in 2005 the water demand in BMA was closed to the supply about 1.8 billion m3/year. This figure tends to increase and in 2010 water demand for BMA will more than water supply. This unbalance water supply and demand should be our main consideration. The Government should make the list of strategies how to face this problem. Table 4 shows the aggregate projection of BMA water demand.
Table 4 : Water Demand Projection
Table 5 shows that the highest demand for clean water provision is occupied by Bandung Municipality. In 2005, the demand of clean water for Bandung municipality was 9.25m3/sec. This number is equal to 9250 ltr/sec. Meanwhile the total of clean water production of PDAM Bandung in 2005 was about 2200 ltr/sec. It means that there was a large gap between supply and demand and indicates that there was a lack of clean water provision which is provided by PDAM Bandung Municipality. It is projected that in 2010 the clean water demand for Bandung municipality is about 51 % from total BMA clean water demand. This is indication that clear water production capacity for Bandung Municipality is important and a priority to be considered.
Clean Water Provision Problems
Clean Water Provision for BMA is provided by two different system, piping system and non piping system or individual. For piping system, water provision has been managed by Water Local Corporation (PDAM). For BMA, the service is divided into 3 service areas, Municipality Bandung is served by PDAM Bandung Municipality, Bandung Regency is served by PDAM Bandung Regency and Sumedang Regency is served by PDAM Sumedang. The service coverage and production capacity of Bandung Regency, Bandung Municipality, and Sumedang Regency can be seen from table below:
Table 6 : Piping system water production capacity
Recently, piping system service rate in BMA is low as can be seen from figure below:
From figure 3, it can be seen that PDAM Municipality Bandung can provide clean water for Bandung Municipality population for only 53%, PDAM Bandung regency can provides for only 24% and PDAM Sumedang can provides for only 66% population. From the service rate of each region, it can be seen that PDAMs in BMA only have 44% ability to cover overall BMA area. The technical problem for infrastructures provision makes PDAM cannot deliver water to all consumers because of the available budget cannot finance the infrastructures expansion.
PDAM Bandung Municipality is supplied by three clean water sources. These water sources are from spring, ground water and surface water. Table 3 shows the sources that supply the water for PDAM Bandung Municipality, and it seems that design capacity of water plan of Bandung municipality PDAM has not able to reach its design capacity.
Table 7: Sources and Design capacity of PDAM Bandung Municipality.
The problems faced by PDAMs of BMA in providing water supply service for BMA community is the insufficient water supply compared to population growth and economic development. Rapid growth of development and population in BMA has caused a great increasing of water supply demand while the water supply remains constant in quantity but decrease in quality. It happens in some region in Bandung Cimahi, Padalarang Ngamprah, Rancaekek Cicalengka, Majalaya Ciparay, Jatinangor Tanjung Sari and in some rural area that have no access to clean water infrastructure and get high pressure from industrial area (Rancaekek, Cicalengka, Ibun dsb). As a result, many people are forced to purchase water from public sources, neighbors with access to piping water, or vendors and often at prices several times compared to public piping water's price for similar quantities, other ways many people or households carry out their needs of water by digging their own artesian well. This will bring a bad impact, which harms the environment because it will cause the scarcity of water debit in this area.
The provision of water supply service should reach the whole population. One of requirements to realize it is a large amount of fund, the technical problem occurred in PDAM of BMA is mainly also related with financial problem. Limited budget makes the infrastructure piping coverage cannot cover all region, water plan ability is small to deliver adequate water debit and good quality standard delivers to consumers. This becomes a problem while local government as the most responsible stakeholder cannot allocate sufficient fund for establishing, operating and maintaining infrastructures and tools in order to serve people needs. Funds budgeted in APBD cannot cover the operational finance and since it also have to be allocated for the other sectors. Hence, they have to search other financial sources to support water supply service. In this case, the role of private sectors and community becomes important.
Gambar 6. Perbandingan Jumlah Sumur Bor dan Indeks Produktivitas Air Tanah.
Air Tanah
Kondisi air permukaan juga berpengaruh terhadap air tanah di Cekungan Bandung. Pada Gambar 6, terlihat bahwa jumlah sumur bor di Cekungan Bandung terus meningkat, namun Indeks Produktivitas Air Tanah terus menurun. Artinya jumlah sumur bor dan persediaan air tanah di Cekungan Bandung sudah tidak seimbang. Menurut penelitian terbaru, terdapat 550 industri di Cekungan Bandung, dan 80% di antaranya merupakan industri tekstil yang mengambil kebutuhan airnya dari tanah. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan penurunan permukaan air tanah dan dalam jangka panjang akan menimbulkan penurunan permukaan tanah (land subsidence).
Total kebutuhan air bersih di Cekungan Bandung sebesar 1.265.204 juta m3/tahun (Direktorat Geologi Tata Lingkungan dan Bappeda Propinsi Jawa Barat, 2000), dan PDAM hanya bisa menyediakan 43% dari kebutuhan tersebut. Karena itu peran air tanah, baik akuifer dangkal, menengah, maupun dalam, sangat penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat akan air bersih di Cekungan Bandung. Sektor domestik, komersial, maupun industri mengambil air tanah dengan atau tanpa izin pemerintah.
Gambar 2. Kecenderungan Koefi sien Run Off 1950 2000 yang menunjukkan peningkatan secara signifi kan.
Gambar 3. Kecenderungan debit ekstrem maksimum 1951 1998 menunjukkan perubahan secara fluktuatif.
Gambar 4. Debit ekstrem minimum 1951 1998 memperlihatkan kecenderungan mengalami penurunan secara signifikan.
luas kumulatif izin lokasi di KBU kabupaten bandung
Izin lokasi berdasarkan peruntukan di Kota Bandung
Izin lokasi berdasarkan peruntukan di Kabupaten Bandung
Rekapitulasi Izin lokasi berdasarkan peruntukan di KBU
semakin banyak stakeholders yg berperan, maka semakin besar control terhadap pemanfaatan air tanah
Water demand projection for 2005 is 1.8 billion m3 and for 2010 is about 1.98 billion m3 . Meanwhile the water supply is about 1.85 billion m3. There will be lack of water supply in 2010
Total clean water demand for 2005 is 473 million m3 and for 2010 is about 673 million m3
Bandung municipality is the biggest clean water customer
Provided by two different system : piping system and non piping system or individual. Piping system à By PDAM, non piping à Individual (rivers, springs, well)
For Greater Bandung, piping system service rate is 44% of total population. Service coverage for every region can be seen as follows
In case of PDAM Bandung, clean water is supplied by three sources: spring, ground water and surface water.
Total design capacity of PDAM Bandung is 3225 m3/sec, meanwhile production capacity is 2500.76 m3/sec (efficiency is about 77%).
Approximately 60% of total clean water production capacity is contributed by Badak singa water treatment.
In 2005, for Bandung Municipality, clean water demand for household and public only was about 119 million m3, meanwhile total clean water production of PDAM was about 78 million m3. Based on this figure there was a lack of clean water service for Bandung Municipality.
